| 1 | India | 190,000 | 40 | Large smallholder base in Bihar and eastern states; mix of pond and wetland cultivation, with a growing share processed into dried snack-grade kernels.[4][1] |
| 1 | India | 1,958,765 | 89.5 | |
| 2 | China | 180,000 | 38 | Major producing provinces include Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Jiangsu; strong integration with confectionery and traditional medicine industries and a well‑developed processing sector.[4][3] |
| 3 | Vietnam | 35,000 | 7 | Expansion in Mekong Delta and central provinces; strong growth in exports of dried, split seeds and snack ingredients.[1] |
| 4 | Cambodia | 20,000 | 4 | Predominantly wild‑collected and semi‑cultivated in floodplains around the Tonle Sap and Mekong; lower average export prices than India and China.[1] |
| 5 | Myanmar | 15,000 | 3 | Regional supplier into Yunnan and Thailand, with trade influenced by border logistics and domestic stability. |